Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4(3):143-149. doi:10.7150/ijbs.4.143 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Genetic Linkage Map of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Jung-Ha Kang1, Woo-Jin Kim1, Woo-Jai Lee2 Corresponding address

1. Biotechnology Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 619-705, Busan, Republic of Korea
2. GenoMar ASA, Post Box Sentrum 1159, 0107 Oslo, Norway

Citation:
Kang JH, Kim WJ, Lee WJ. Genetic Linkage Map of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4(3):143-149. doi:10.7150/ijbs.4.143. https://www.ijbs.com/v04p0143.htm
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Abstract

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, is an important fish species in Asia, both for fisheries and aquaculture. As the first step for better understanding the genomic structure and functional analysis, we constructed a genetic linkage map for olive flounder based on 180 microsatellites and 31 expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived markers. Twenty-four linkage groups were identified, consistent with the 24 chromosomes of this species. The total map distance was 1,001.3 cM based on Kosambi sex-average mapping, and the average inter-locus distance was 4.7 cM. Linkage between the loci was identified by an LOD score of ≥3. This linkage map may be used to map quantitative trait loci associated with important traits of the species and may assist in breeding programs.

Keywords: EST, flounder, linkage, microsatellite, Paralichthys olivaceus

1. Introduction

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, is an important fish species in Asia for both fisheries and aquaculture. In an effort to improve the productivity of olive flounder through genetic selection, a preliminary marker-assisted-selection (MAS) using markers involving a major disease gene of the species has been carried out [1, 2]. Since 2004, selective breeding with means of phenotypic selection and family effects for a fast growth rate of the flounder has been implemented at the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI, Busan, Korea). The MAS approach is expected to increase genetic response by improving the intensity and accuracy of selection [3]. Together with phenotypic selection, an important step in such genetic improvement schemes is to accelerate the genetic gains using markers closely linked with the target traits. Genetic maps provide the important information for genomic structure and allow exploration of QTL, which can be used to maximize the selection effects for target traits [4]. A previous olive flounder linkage map [5] identified 30 linkage groups spanning an sex averaged total map length of 705 cM based on 111 microsatellites and 346 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in a panel of 44 offspring. Unfortunately, AFLP markers have limitations in reuse for other families or populations because of difficulty in determining the mode of inheritance owing to dominance/recessiveness and limited portability [6]. Here we report a microsatellite-based and more saturated genetic linkage map of olive flounder based on 211 microsatellites containing 31 expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived markers, which can be used to overcome the disadvantages of AFLP markers for locus specific genotyping. Since EST-based markers from gene sequences have a high probability of being associated with gene functions, the segregation of alleles of such markers can be tested for their link to predicted phenotypes [7]. Those markers derived from expressed genes provide clear information for synteny discovery between fish genomes [8]. Our improved linkage map may serve as a framework for QTL and gene mapping in olive flounder, and it should facilitate MAS breeding for the genetic improvement of the species.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Mapping family

We created an F1 mapping population by crossing one wild-stock female and one male olive flounder. A total of 100 unsexed progeny were used to create the linkage map.

2.2. Microsatellite markers

The microsatellite markers used in this study were taken from the following sources: 111 markers suffixed TUF [5], 27 (#1-27) markers prefixed Kop [9], 16 markers prefixed Po [10], and 5 markers prefixed Po1 [11]. An additional 33 markers (MHFS suffix) were previously posted as P. olivaceus microsatellites on the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ database. The polymorphisms and mapping feasibility of these markers were evaluated by genotyping of parental DNA; only those markers that were suitable for PCR, easy to score, and informative were used in this study. In addition to the 192 previously reported markers, 28 new markers were developed from genomic libraries [9]. These markers are listed as part of the Kop series (after #27; Table 1). Null alleles were identified with non-mendelian inheritance observed in offspring. The offspring carry different homozygous genotypes from the parents at certain loci.

2.3. Type I markers

In this study, simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) were defined as arrays of dinucleotide repeat motifs longer than 18 bp. A total of 3,500 EST sequences retrieved from the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases were screened for mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellites using Tendem repeat finder [12]. EST-SSR primer pairs were developed and 76 EST-SSRs were amplified. However, only 31 markers were found to be informative in this mapping family. The names, repeat motifs, primer sequences, and putative functions of the 31 informative EST-SSR primer pairs are listed in Table 2.

 Table 1 

Characterization of 28 microsatellite markers used for Paralichthys olivaceus map.

LocusRepeat motifPrimer sequence (5'→3') Forward ReverseTa1 (ºC)LG2GenBank accession no.
KOP30(GT)9TCGCTGCCAACTACGGTTCTT CCTTGTTCTCTGGGTGGAGTCTG609EU307223
KOP31(AC)12AT(AC)5GCAGTGTGGCTAAGTACTTC ACAATTGTTCTCTCTCTGTG5618EU307224
KOP32(AC)10TCAAACACTCATCCGTCTTC GTTTCTCATGACTGGCTTGTAG6024EU307225
KOP35(AC)35CAGAACACTTAGCACATGC AACTCATGAAAAGATGGTTTG6018EU307226
KOP36(AT)2(GT)6GC (GT)2CCTACACTGTTGGTGAGAAAAG GTCGAGTCATCTAAGGTTTGC6020EU307227
KOP38(AC)12TCTTATCTCCCACTTTCCTC TACGTGTTGGTGTATCTGACT5616EU307229
KOP41(GT)9TGGAAGAACAATAGTCAAGAGA GCACTGCACTCAAACAATG566EU307232
KOP44(GT)11GATTCTCAAAGGCAGACCATT GATCCCACCTTCAAAGTCAG566EU307234
KOP46(CA)14AGAGTAACTACAGGAACTGCC CAGTGCCCAACCTCTG561EU307237
KOP55(AC)9CATCCGTCTTCTAGACTGCTC GCTGGATGGGATTTGTG5624EU307245
KOP57(AC)16GTTCATGTTTGACGGTCCTCG GGGATTTGAAAGCGGGATTAGG5614EU307247
KOP58(GT)10TTTCTCATGACTGGCTTGTAG CAAACACTCATCCGTCTTCTA5624EU307248
KOP60(AC)3AT(AC)6TTCTCTCCTGCTGAACTACAC CCTCTCTTGCTCTTCTCTCA568EU307250
KOP63(AC)8AT(AC)11CCTCCCACCTCAACAC CTTACGACATGTAATGCTTG5611EU307251
KOP67(CTGT)3CT (CTGT)4CACCTCTGACACCCACAAAG CTAAAGGTGAAGTCTGTCTGA564EU307253
KOP68(AAC)7AGGTCAGGGTCACTCGTG TGACAAGAGGAATCATCACAA5616EU307254
KOP69(CT)3CC(CT)24CAGCCAGTATTTTTGACTTAC AACTAGACATTGGCCTGAG503EU307255
KOP74(GA)3 AA (GA)19AA(GA)9CGTGGTGAGATAACTGTTAGATG GTGAAGTTTCTCAGCGTTTG564EU307258
KOP75(GA)33ACACCAACTTCTAAGAGACAC CCAGTATTTTTGAATTACTACCT563EU307259
KOP76(AG)16TG(AG)10 AT(AG)13TTCATTCACAGCAGATTCAAGAA AAGTCACAGACTGGACCTCAAAC5623EU307260
KOP77(TC)3TT(TC)14GCAACGTAAGGGTGAGAGATG CACTGCCACACTCGACAGAG5016EU307261
KOP79(CT)9ATGCAGATGATGATGGATGGAG CCGCTGCTTGAATATGCAAAC6018EU307262
KOP82(TC)3TT(TC)16CACATACACAGTCTCTTTGCTCT AACGAAAGTGTGAGCAGC5618EU307263
KOP85(TC)5TT(TC)19TCACATACACAGTCTCTTTGC CGAAAGTGTGAGCAGCAG5618EU307266
KOP86(GT)5(GA)17 AA(GA)5TGTGGAAGAGAATCTG ACATACACAGTCTCTTTGC5018EU307267
KOP88(AG)29CGAAACCAGCCAAACTCT ATTCAAGCCAGTAATGCAGTC563EU307268
KOP91(AC)14GC(AC)15GACGCTACAGCATCTGATGTCA GGTTCAAAATCAGTGCATCAAAC5624EU307270
KOP93(AC)11GC(AC)3GAGGAAGAAACTAGTGCAGAG GGGTCAACATGATGAAGC6010EU307271

1 Ta is the optimal annealing temperature; 2 LG is linkage group

 Table 2 

Primer information of 31 mapped EST-SSR markers used in this study. The ESTs were retrieved from public databases

LocusRepeat motifPrimer sequence (5'→3') Forward ReverseTa1 (ºC)LG2GenBank accession No.Source of cDNA
EKOP1-Br(AGC)6AGT (AGC)15CACGAGGACCAGCAGGTGTTCTA GCAAGTGGTGTGGGCAAAGTCTA6016CX284385Brain
EKOP2-Br(AT)8AACTGAGGCTCCATCACTT TCATTCATTGGGGAGTTATC5624CX284457Brain
EKOP-E1-Br(AGC)6AGT(AGC)15GGACCAGCAGGTGTTCTA TTCTCCAGCTCAGAGATGAT5816CX284385Brain
EKOP2-Bo(CA)15GAAGGTTTAAGGAGCCAGTGAC CGGTACAGGTTATTGTGATTGTC605FE042418Bowel
EKOP-E1-Ey(AT)12~(AT)10GTCGAGCTTTTTCAAGATGA TACTTGTCATCCAGAGCAG5822CX283063Eyes
EKOP-E2-Ey(CA)5CT(CA)5 CT(CA)36GGACCGAGGCAGACATCACA TCACCACCAGTTACAGCCATCA5821CX283155Eyes
EKOP6-Ey(AC)15GGCAAGGTAGGGATGGTGATTC GTTGGGATGCACAGGAACTGAC602CX283268Eyes
EKOP3-Ey(ATG)6ACCAGCCATTTCAACACAG CACGTGTACGTTGAGTTTTA5617CX283116Eyes
EKOP1-Ge(AG)8CG(AG)9 CG(AG)13CAGGCGACTTAAACCCGTTATC AGCAGCAGCAGCAGTGGA608CX286078Gonad
EKOP-E1-Ge(AG)8CG(AG)9 CG(AG)13~(CTG)5CTGAATACACAGCTCGTCA AATGAAAGTGTCCCTTCAGA588CX286079Gonad
EKOP-E1-Gi(AC)8AA(AC)6CTGATAACAATCACGTGGAA CGACCCCACATACAGTAG5815CX283308Gill
EKOP-E2-Gi(GA)12GCCCTCCCTCCATCAGCCATAA GAGACTGTCCATTCGGGGGTTCA6016CX283298Gill
EKOP4-Gi(TG)22GGTCGTCGCTCTGATGCTGGTCA CTTCCGCCCTCGCTCACTGTCA6015CX283316Gill
EKOP9-Gi(GT)11TGCATGGAGAGTAGCCTTCTTG GGTTTTCTTTTCCCCCTCAGA5714CX283393Gill
EKOP10-Gi(AT)6AA(AT)9GTTTGCACTAATGCGTGTCTC AGGCTAAACAACAACAATGTCC6024CX283308Gill
EKOP11-Gi(CT)19CCCTCTCCCCATCCCACCC GGAAGCCAACCCTCAACTCCTGA5521CX283413Gill
EKOP12-Gi(CA)35GATTTTGGCTGTTGGGTTC CAATGGCACAGTCATCTTTACTC6024CX283331Gill
EKOP-E1-In(AGC)5 ~ (GCAG)3GTTCAAAAACACTGCGACAG CTCTATTTTGTCGACGTTCC5814CX285440Intestine
EKOP2-In(CT)13TTCT(CA)7GGCTGTCAGAGTTCTCCTGGAA CTAACACCTCTGGTTTGGCATCA6019CX285589Intestine
EKOP3-In(AC)32CGAGGGCCCATTCATCTAGTTTA GGCCAAAAGCTTGATCCTGAC6015CX285592Intestine
EKOP3-Ki(AT)10GATGAATCACCTGCCAAAAG GCTTCATCAGTTTGAATGGT566CX283730Kidney
EKOP5-Li(CA)22TA(CA)5CTTCCACAGTAACTTCACATCCA GCATTTAGAGCAGACAGCAGTC6011CX285412Liver
EKOP6-Li(CA)12GTAGCGATAAAAACAAAACAGG GCAGCAATAAGACTCACGAA5718CX285421Liver
EKOP17-Li(AC)10(ATAC)10TCTACTCAGAGCCAACAAG ATCAGTCTGCACCTGAATG567CX286761Liver
EKOP2-Mu(TC)10CATTTCACACTGCGTTACTC AGATGAGGGGATCAGAAATG5821CX283994Muscle
EKOP5-Sk(TG)13CATACAGTAATCGGCATGTG TTCAAAAGAGAGGGACACAG581CX284321Skin
EKOP1-Sp(ATC)8TTGGACACAGAACCAAGAG CTGCGTGAGTAAAATGTGAA5611CX283759Spleen
EKOP-E1-Sp(ATC)8TTGGACACAGAACCAAGAG CTGCGTGAGTAAAATGTGAA5811CX283759Spleen
EKOP-E2-Sp(TG)9GGAGGTAAAGTGATGAACC ATCAAAGTCCTGTCGTGTC5812CX283892Spleen
EKOP6-St(CA)19GACTGAAGTACTGCTGATGGATTA GCTTGTGACAACTGGGTTTAGA5516CX284835Stomach
EKOP8-St(GT)14GTAAGTACGAGCTGCATAATGTG CACCCTCACTCTCTCTCAATGTC604CX284949Stomach

1 Ta is the optimal annealing temperature; 2 LG is linkage group.

2.4. Genotyping

DNA was extracted from fin samples using TNES-urea buffer (6 M urea, 10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 125 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, and 1% SDS) and proteinase K treatment followed by standard phenol extraction methods [13]. PCR was performed in a 10-μl reaction volume containing 50 ng of genomic DNA, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 0.1% Triton X-100, 5 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 5 pmol of each primer, and 0.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI). Amplification was carried out using a PTC 200 MJ-Research thermocycler DNA engine under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95°C for 15 min followed by 35 cycles of 20 s at 94°C, 40 s at a primer-specific annealing temperature between 58 and 62°C, 1 min at 72°C, and a final extension period of 10 min at 72°C.

For fluorescent detection of the PCR products, the forward primer in each pair was labeled with 6-FAM, NED, or HEX dye. The polymorphic microsatellite loci were revealed using an ABI PRISM 3100 automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and alleles were designated according to product size (GENESCAN 400HD ROX, PE Applied Biosystems). The genotypes were scored using GENESCAN and GENOTYPER (both version 3.7) software.

2.5. Linkage analysis

Linkage analysis and the building of the map were achieved using Crimap version 3.0 [14]. Linkage groups were identified by pair-wise two point analysis. Those markers with LOD scores of ≥3 were assigned to the same linkage group. The order of markers in each linkage group was confirmed based on the likelihood scores using the flips 6 option in the Crimap package. The linkage maps are theoretically sex averaged maps because the unsexed progeny should be assumed to be 1:1 sex ratio. The maps were visualized using MapChart version 2.2 [15].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Genetic markers

Where possible, we established correspondence with the previous map [5] with the intention of providing a stable nomenclature for the linkage groups. The markers on LG 23, 24, and 28 in the previous map coalesced with LG 11, 20, and 3, respectively, in the new map. The relationships between the markers in the two maps are outlined in Table 3. Eighty-four of 110 previously-mapped microsatellite markers with the suffix TUF were also found in our linkage map. The linkages and order of markers in the new map are largely concordant with those in the previous linkage map of Japanese flounder [5].

 Table 3 

Relationships between the markers from the previous [5] and new (this study) linkage maps of Paralichthys olivaceus

Current LGCommon markersPrevious LGNot mapped
1Poli6TUF, Poli110TUF, Poli130TUF1Poli9-22TUF1, Poli100TUF2, PoliRC12TUF3, Poli9-67TUF1
2Poli23TUF, Poli30TUF2-
3Poli18-2TUF, Poli18TUF, Poli192TUF, Poli13TUF, Poli170TUF, Poli188TUF, Poli138TUF, Poli146TUF3 + 28Poli153TUF3 , Poli9-48TUF1
4Poli148TUF, Poli29TUF, Poli111TUF, Poli128TUF, Poli181TUF, Poli55TUF, Poli38TUF, Poli156TUF4Poli140TUF3, Poli115TUF1, Poli19TUF1, Poli142TUF3, PoliRC35TUF3
5Poli151TUF, Poli43TUF, Poli9TUF5-
6Poli190TUF, Poli143TUF, Poli172TUF, Poli107TUF6-
7Poli18-55TUF, Poli177TUF, Poli154TUF, Poli117TUF7Poli112TUF1
8Poli194TUF, Poli136TUF, Poli166TUF, Poli162TUF, Poli106TUF, Poli126TUF, Poli202TUF, Poli116TUF8-
9Poli163TUF, Poli182TUF, Poli200TUF, Poli180TUF, Poli16-39TUF, Poli129UF, Poli16-76TUF9Poli49TUF1
10Poli34TUF, Poli144TUF, Poli13-2TUF10Poli101TUF1, Poli158TUF3
11Poli176TUF, Poli174TUF, Poli154TUF11 + 23Poli132TUF3
12Poli149TUF, Poli16-24TUF, Poli16-911TUF, Poli9-52TUF12Poli1TUF1, Poli131TUF3, Poli189TUF1, Poli179TUF3
13Poli18-44TUF, Poli187TUF, Poli145TUF, Poli175TUF, Poli133TUF13-
14Poli141TUF, PoliRC47-TUF14-
15Poli121TUFPoli9-8TUF, Poli168TUF15Poli15-35TUF1
16Poli105TUF, Poli199TUF16-
17Poli9-38TUF17Poli127TUF2, Poli11TUF1
18Poli147TUF, Poli16-79TUF18-
19-19Poli108TUF1
20Poli9-58TUF, Poli139TUF20 + 24Poli123TUF3
21Poli28TUF21Poli113TUF1, Poli102TUF2
22Poli2TUF22-
23Poli122TUF, Poli193TUF, Poli150TUF, Poli56TUF, Poli18-42TUF, Poli-RC27-TUF26-
24Poli198TUF, Poli124TUF27-

1Unlinked marker; 2 segregating null allele; 3 monomorphic markers

 Figure 1 

Linkage map for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The nomenclature of linkage groups is consistent, where possible, with the previous map [5] and the marker distances are indicated in Kosambi centimorgan.

Int J Biol Sci Image

Twenty-six markers were not mapped in our analysis because of null or unlinked markers and homozygous genotypes. The segregation of null alleles was identified at three loci (Poli100TUF, Poli127TUF, and Poli102TUF). Thirteen markers (Poli9-22TUF, Poli115TUF, Poli9TUF, Poli112TUF, Poli15-35TUF, Poli11TUF, Poli9-6TUF, Poli9-48TUF, Poli49TUF, Poli101TUF, Poli1TUF, Poli108TUF, and Poli113TUF) were unlinked to any of the other markers and ten markers (PoliRC12TUF, Poli140TUF, Poli53TUF, Poli142TUF, PoliRC35TUF, Poli158TUF, Poli131TUF, Poli132TUF, Poli179TUF, and Poli123TUF) were not informative in this mapping family. The cross-species amplification of microsatellite markers between closely related species is an important issue for map construction because the interspecies use of markers can save a lot of resources and also indicate the relationships in genome structure and functions. Between Atlantic halibut and Japanese flounder genomes, around 63.9% of markers were amplified in both species and about half of the markers were polymorphic [16]. Using these markers, a comparative mapping between Atlantic halibut and Japanese flounder can be done in future. Especially it is interesting to see the genomic positions of the EST-derived markers.

3.2. Linkage map and genome size

Of the 220 microsatellite and 76 EST-derived markers tested, 180 (81.8%) informative microsatellite loci and 31 (40.8%) EST-based markers were assigned to the map. The sex-averaged map contained 211 markers in 24 linkage groups (Fig. 1). Ultimately, a total of the 211 markers were employed to successfully consolidate the current map into 24 linkage groups corresponding to the number of chromosome pairs in olive flounder [17]. The map covers 1,001.3 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 4.7 cM. Marker density varies by linkage group, from 0.95 cM/marker on LG 13 to 20.0 cM/marker on LG 22. For a rough QTL analysis, the required minimum inter-marker distance is generally <20cM [18]. The map with an average marker distance of 4.7cM offers sufficient marker density for further genetic approach for the quantitative traits. The previously estimated genome size of the species was around 1,000 cM [5], which is similar with this map. The map with AFLP or EST derived markers deliver very close genome sizes, which indicates that the overall recombination rate of the markers is similar regardless the functions of markers and the variation in marker distribution throughout the genome. This seems indicating that marker density is more important than kinds of markers used for accurate estimate of genome sizes. The estimated genome sizes of fish species were from 700cM, Barramundi [19] and tiger pufferfish [20] to 1,500cM of atlantic halibut [16] and to 2,750cM of rainbow trout [21]. The olive founder genome size is in the moderate size range and can function as a bridge for fish genome evolution studies, which can be further understood with help from the genome sizes because the genome duplication in an ancestral lineage undoubtedly contribute to the genome size and structure of the species in that lineage [22].

Based on genome similarity, identified QTL and target EST sequences can be also applied between species and the structure and functions can be further clarified through positional cloning and comparative genomic analysis [23]. The olive flounder linkage map presented here provides the basis for further investigations into quantitative and comparative genomics of Pleuronectiformes.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (RP-2008-BT-007).

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding address Correspondence to: Jung-Ha Kang, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 619-705, Busan, Republic of Korea. E-mail: jhkangre.kr


Received 2008-3-28
Accepted 2008-5-8
Published 2008-5-10


Citation styles

APA
Kang, J.H., Kim, W.J., Lee, W.J. (2008). Genetic Linkage Map of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(3), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.4.143.

ACS
Kang, J.H.; Kim, W.J.; Lee, W.J. Genetic Linkage Map of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2008, 4 (3), 143-149. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4.143.

NLM
Kang JH, Kim WJ, Lee WJ. Genetic Linkage Map of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4(3):143-149. doi:10.7150/ijbs.4.143. https://www.ijbs.com/v04p0143.htm

CSE
Kang JH, Kim WJ, Lee WJ. 2008. Genetic Linkage Map of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Int J Biol Sci. 4(3):143-149.

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