Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10(7):715-732. doi:10.7150/ijbs.9126 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos

Qing Xiao*, Jian-Hong Xia*, Xiao-Juan Zhang, Zhi Li, Yang Wang, Li Zhou, Jian-Fang Gui

State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
*These authors contributed equally to this work.

Citation:
Xiao Q, Xia JH, Zhang XJ, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhou L, Gui JF. Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10(7):715-732. doi:10.7150/ijbs.9126. https://www.ijbs.com/v10p0715.htm
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Abstract

Many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the Antarctic Pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. There are four types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Type-IV antifreeze proteins (AFP4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised a question as to whether these AFP4s have important functions in addition to antifreeze activity. Here we report the identification and functional analyses of AFP4s in cyprinid fish. Two genes, namely afp4a and afp4b coding for AFP4s, were identified in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). In both species, afp4a and afp4b display a head-to-tail tandem arrangement and share a common 4-exonic gene structure. In zebrafish, both afp4a and afp4b were found to express specifically in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Interestingly, afp4a expression continues in YSL and digestive system from early embryos to adults, whereas afp4b expression is restricted to embryogenesis. Importantly, we have shown by using afp4a-specific and afp4b-specifc morpholino knockdown and cell lineage tracing approaches that AFP4a participates in epiboly progression by stabilizing yolk cytoplasmic layer microtubules, and AFP4b is primarily related to convergence movement. Therefore, both AFP4 proteins are essential for gastrulation of zebrafish embryos. Our current results provide first evidence that AFP such as AFP4 has important roles in regulating developmental processes besides its well-known function as antifreeze factors.

Keywords: antifreeze protein, yolk syncytial layer, epiboly, convergence, morphogenesis.


Citation styles

APA
Xiao, Q., Xia, J.H., Zhang, X.J., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Zhou, L., Gui, J.F. (2014). Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(7), 715-732. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.9126.

ACS
Xiao, Q.; Xia, J.H.; Zhang, X.J.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, L.; Gui, J.F. Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2014, 10 (7), 715-732. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9126.

NLM
Xiao Q, Xia JH, Zhang XJ, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhou L, Gui JF. Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10(7):715-732. doi:10.7150/ijbs.9126. https://www.ijbs.com/v10p0715.htm

CSE
Xiao Q, Xia JH, Zhang XJ, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhou L, Gui JF. 2014. Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Biol Sci. 10(7):715-732.

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