PDF

Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(2):264-271. doi:10.7150/ijbs.38143 This issue Cite

Review

Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Protective Role through Influencing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diseases

Honggang Wang¹ , Xingzhuo Shi², Mengyuan Qiu¹, Shuangyu Lv¹, Huiyang Liu¹

1. Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China.
2. School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China.

✉ Corresponding author: Honggang Wang, E-mail: whg197167henu.edu.cn, Tel: 13663781967.

Abstract

The endoplasmic reticulum is an important organelle responsible for protein synthesis, modification, folding, assembly and transport of new peptide chains. When the endoplasmic reticulum protein folding ability is impaired, the unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate to lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies indicate that H₂S plays an important protective role in many diseases through influencing endoplasmic reticulum stress, but its mechanism is not fully understood. This article reviewed the progress about the effect of H₂S on endoplasmic reticulum stress and its mechanisms involved in diseases in recent years to provide theoretical basis for in-depth study.

Keywords: Hydrogen sulfide, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cardiomyopathy, neurological diseases, respiratory diseases, vascular diseases

1. Introduction

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle responsible for protein synthesis, modification, folding, assembly and transport of new peptide chains [1-5]. In addition, it regulates the cholesterol and lipid-membrane biosynthesis and the signaling mechanisms of cell surviving and death [6, 7]. Under stress conditions including glucose deficiency, environmental toxins, viral infection, changes in Ca²⁺ levels, hypoxia, inflammation and oxidative stress, ER homeostasis can be interrupted, which is termed ER stress (ERS). ERS is defined as the disturbance of ER function, which interferes with protein folding, post-translational modification and secretion. Finally, the accumulation of unfolded proteins in ER initiates a homeostatic signaling network called as the unfolded proteins reaction (UPR) [8, 9]. When the perturbation is moderate, UPR activation will promote a homeostatic recovery of ER and help cells adapt to changes. However, if the interference is intense and prolonged, ERS and UPR will initiate the death signaling pathway, which will lead to the onset of various diseases [10]. The ERS and UPR are mediated by three transmembrane ER signaling proteins: pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), which mediate three parallel signal branches respectively [11, 12]. Under non-pressure conditions, the binding immunoglobulin (BIP) binds to PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 to stabilize and prevent their activation. The stressors and unfolded proteins promote the isolation of BIP from PERK, IRE1 and ATF6, thereby activating these three molecules. Subsequently, the autophosphorylated PERK phosphorylates eIF2a to inhibit mRNA translation and global protein synthesis, and increase ATF4 expression, the activated IRE1 cleaves Xbp1 mRNA and the isolated ATF6 is cleaved by 1-site protease (sp1) and 2-site protease (sp2) proteins in Golgi complex. At last, the cleaved Xbp1, the ATF4 and the spliced ATF6 promote the expression of ER chaperone genes, which are further involved in eliminating unfolded proteins and restoring homeostasis in normal cells (Figure 1) [10]. Many diseases have been reported to be related with ERS [13, 14].

 Figure 1 

Summary of ERS and the UPR. When ERS is activated, there are three parallel signaling branches in UPR. ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; ATF6, activating transcription factor 6; BIP, binding immunoglobulin protein; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERS, endoplasmic reticulum stress; IRE1,inositol-requiring protein 1; PERK, PRKR-like ER kinase; SP1, site-1 protease; UPR, unfolded protein response; XBP1, X-box binding protein 1.

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has long been considered as a flammable, water-soluble, colorless and toxic gas. However, since the 1990s, more and more studies have confirmed that H₂S belonged to a class of gasotransmitters, together with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) [15-17]. In mammalian cells, H₂S is produced by endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. The enzymatic generation of H₂S, which may be important for the regulation in given cells under special conditions, is the focus of the research. Several different mammalian enzymatic systems for H₂S production have been described in detail. Most commonly, three typical H₂S-producing enzymes are identified: cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE), cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate thiotransferase (3-MST) [18-20]. Cystathionine is produced by β-substitution reaction of homocysteine with serine catalyzed by CBS. CSE catalyzes the elimination of α, γ-cysteine of cystathionine to produce cystenine. Under the catalysis of CBS and CSE, cysteine can form H₂S through β elimination reaction. 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP) is produced by transferring amines from cystine to α-ketoglutarate via cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). 3-MST catalyzes the sulphur of 3-MP to convert into H₂S [21] (Figure 2). The biological function of H₂S does not depend on H₂S itself, but on the formation of new molecules, such as S-nitrosothiols, whose possible mechanisms include reversible protein sulfidation [22]. H₂S has many physiological functions, such as relaxing blood vessels, lowering blood pressure [23, 24], anti-apoptotic [25], anti-inflammatory [26], anti-oxidative stress and regulation of ER stress [27]. The role of H₂S in the regulation of ERS has been one of the focuses of attention in recent years [28].

In this review, we summarize the progress about the effects of H₂S on ERS and the mechanism involved in recent years to provide ideas for relevant basic research in the future.

2. H₂S plays cardioprotective role by influencing endoplasmic reticulum stress

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the major cardiac complications independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension in diabetic patients [29]. In recent years, many studies have shown that ERS plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of DCM [30, 31]. Hyperglycemia induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating ERS through caspase-12 dependent pathway and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) dependent pathway [32-34]. Fang Li and her coworkers reported that in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, ERS was increased by hyperglycemia, leading to myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. While treatment with H₂S reduced ERS to inhibit myocardial apoptosis and improve myocardial fibrosis, suggesting that H₂S had a potential role in the treatment of DCM [35]. In this experiment, since the intervention of H₂S is simultaneous with the establishment of DC model, not after the establishment of DC model, thus, the protective effect of H₂S on DC cannot be fully demonstrated. Whether H₂S regulated ERS to play a protective effect on DC remained to be studied. Moreover, long-term hyperglycemia can cause excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria of cardiomyocyte [36, 37] and excessive ROS induces ERS which leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis [38]. H₂S can inhibit the production of ROS, indicating that H₂S can regulate ERS through ROS. ER and mitochondria are spatially close organelles which are joined together by ER-mitochondrial associated membranes [39]. ROS regulate ER-mitochondrial crosstalk during ERS-induced apoptosis [40]. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, H₂S reduces ROS in mitochondria and ERS-induced myocardial apoptosis through regulating ER-mitochondrial crosstalk [41]. ROS associates the antioxidant effect of H₂S with its inhibition of ERS. Researches showed that the excessive lipid deposition and ERS might play a role in the pathogenesis of DCM [42-44]. In the hearts of STZ-induced rats or in AC16 cardiac cells treated with palmitic acid (PA), endogenous H₂S decreased, ERS, apoptosis and lipid accumulation increased, suggesting that endogenous H₂S, ERS and lipotoxicity are involved in the pathological process of DCM. The further experiment showed that exogenous H₂S alleviated myocardial lipotoxicity and ER stress. The similar results can be obtained by using ERS inhibitors (4-PBA), suggesting that exogenous H₂S inhibits lipid accumulation and myocardial toxicity through suppressing ERS [45]. This is consistent with previous reports that H₂S mitigated high fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction through suppression of ERS [46]. The mechanism of the effect of ERS on myocardial lipotoxicity of DCM remains to be studied. Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of myocardial injury [47]. Recently, it has been proved that ERS is related to myocardial I/R injury [48]. Myocardial I/R decreased endogenous H₂S, increased ERS and ERS-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. H₂S preconditioning could reverse these above changes. Moreover, pretreatment with ERS inhibitors yielded similar results as H₂S. Collectively, these results indicated that H₂S ameliorated myocardial I/R injury by attenuating excessive ERS induced by myocardial I/R [49].This added a new mechanism, which remains to be studied, to the myocardial protection of H₂S. Several studies suggest that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) may induce ER stress and lead to myocardial injury [50-52]. Zhou, et al. reported that CIH induced myocardial injury by activating ERS, while the treatment with the inhibitor of cystathionine γ-lyase (DL-propargylglycine, PAG) alleviated myocardial injury induced by CIH [53]. This result is inconsistent with previous study that H₂S could alleviate myocardial injury in ischemia-reperfusion model [54]. The underlying mechanisms of the contradiction remain to be studied. It has been reported that post-conditioning (PC) inhibits apoptosis induced by I/R, however, its myocardial protection is lost in the elderly heart [55, 56]. Sun et al. reported that H₂S restored the cardioprotective effect of PC and reduced I/R-induced ERS, the similar effects were obtained by using 4-PBA, which indicated that exogenous H₂S restores PC-induced cardioprotection by inhibition of ERS in the aged cardiomyocytes [57] (Table 1). Although there are many studies about the protective effect of H₂S on myocardium by influencing ER stress, the exact mechanism is not fully understood. Further researches are needed to provide a new way for the treatment of myocardial injury.

 Figure 2 

Summary of the production process of endogenous H₂S. CBS: cystathionine-beta-synthase; CSE: cystathionine-gamma-lyase; 3-MST: 3-mercaptopyruvate thiotransferase; 3-MP: 3-mercaptopyruvate; CAT: cysteine aminotransferase.

3. H₂S influences endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurological diseases

In recent years, there have been many reports that H₂S regulates ERS to inhibit neurological diseases. Homocysteine (Hcy), produced by demethylation of methionine [58], can induce ERS to lead the apoptosis of many types of neurons, including hippocampal and cortical neurons [59]. The research by Li et al. demonstrated that intraventricular injection of Hcy impaired learning and memory function, reduced the production of endogenous H₂S and increased the ERS of hippocampal cells, which suggested that Hcy-induced learning and memory loss was associated with reduced endogenous H₂S production and increased hippocampal ERS [60]. Similarly, the neurotoxicity to PC12 cells induced by arecoline is also involved with reduced endogenous H₂S production and increased hippocampal ERS [61]. Wei et al. reported that H₂S downregulated Hcy-induced neuronal ERS and upregulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of rats. In addition, blocking BDNF-TrkB pathway by inhibitor could reverse the abovementioned effect of H₂S. Overall, these findings suggested that H₂S alleviated Hcy-induced neurotoxicity through reducing ERS by upregulating the BDNF-TrkB pathway [62]. In PC12 cells, H₂S also markedly inhibited homocysteine‑induced ERS and increased the protein level of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT‑1) in the presence or absence of homocysteine treatment. Sirtinol, an inhibitor of SIRT‑1, eliminated the inhibitory effect of H₂S on homocysteine‑induced ERS, which indicated that H₂S protected PC12 cells against homocysteine‑induced ERS by upregulating SIRT‑1 [63]. The similar results were obtained in vivo [64] Increasing evidences suggest that diabetes can cause cognitive impairment and memory loss [65, 66]. ERS-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus is the mechanism of diabetic cognitive impairment [67]. Wei et al. reported that H₂S improved cognitive impairment in diabetes mellitus by inhibiting ERS induced by hyperglycemia in hippocampus. Furthermore, the hippocampal endogenous H₂S generation of diabetic rats was decreased, while this downregulation is reversed by exogenous H₂S [68]. These results suggested that the neuroprotective effect of H₂S might be related to its promotion of endogenous H₂S production in hippocampal cells. However, it has been reported that the endogenous H₂S production in pancreas and liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats increased significantly [69]. This conflict is probably due to that the concentration of endogenous H₂S is diverse in different tissue. The mechanisms of H₂S regulating ERS to protect nerve injury need to be further studied. ERS will be a new target of treatment for neurological diseases.

Depression is a chronic and recurrent serious mental disorder characterized by loss of happiness, emotional disorders and suicidal tendencies. It affects more than 10% of the world's population and causes a huge social burden [70, 71]. It has been reported that rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) exhibited many behavioral and neurobiological changes in depression [72]. The research demonstrated that CUMS induced depression-like behavior, caused hippocampal ERS in rats and suppressed the production of endogenous H₂S, while exogenous H₂S alleviated the above depression-like behavior suggesting that H₂S production disorder and ER stress in hippocampus played an important role in depressive behavior induced by CUMS [73]. The further studies showed that exogenous H₂S attenuated CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors by suppressing hippocampal ERS and increased the SIRT‑1 expression in rats. Moreover, the inhibition of SIRT‑1 by inhibitor reversed the protective effect of H₂S and promoted CUMS-induced ERS. Collectively, these indicated that H₂S inhibited CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior through suppressing CUMS-induced ERS by upregulating SIRT‑1 pathway [74]. H₂S also exerts its protection against the neurotoxicity of formaldehyde through overcoming ERS via upregulation of SIRT-1 [75]. In addition to the SIRT‑1 pathway, the BDNF/TrkB pathway is also related with the antidepressant effect of H₂S. BDNF is an important endogenous neurotrophic factor, mainly expressed in hippocampus and cortex [76]. H₂S mitigates CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors, induces the expressions of BDNF and p-TrkB proteins and inhibits ERS in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced rats [77]. The inhibition of BDNF-TrkB pathway with K252a, an inhibitor of BDNF, reverses the protective role of H₂S in CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal ERS, which indicates that H₂S plays an antidepressant-like effect through suppressing ERS via BDNF-TrkB pathway in CUMS-exposed rats [78] (Table 2). At present, the existing treatment of depression is often ineffective and cannot completely solve the symptoms. With the in-depth study of the mechanism of H₂S antidepressant effect, the new H₂S-related drugs will be provided for the treatment of depression. ERS will also become a new target for the treatment of depression.

4. H₂S influences endoplasmic reticulum stress in respiratory diseases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be defined as a disease characterized by exposure to harmful substances, leading to irreversible airflow restriction and shortness of breath [79, 80]. Evidences suggest that ERS may play an important role in the development or pathology of COPD [81, 82]. Cigarette smoke (CS) induces ERS and ERS-mediated apoptosis and suppresses the production of endogenous H₂S to lead COPD, which is reversed by exogenous H₂S [83]. Intraperitoneal injection of endogenous H₂S inhibitor in rat model of passive inhalation of CS aggravates these effects caused by CS; however, the ERS inhibitor suppresses CS-induced effects, which suggests that H₂S may inhibit CS-induced bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis through suppressing ERS [84]. Artery endothelial dysfunction induced by apoptosis of arterial endothelial cells is associated with the severity of COPD [85]. Exogenous H₂S reduces the apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells by suppressing ERS in a rat model of COPD [86]. The specific signaling pathways involved in the above effect need to be further studied. The decrease of ERS and endogenous H₂S are involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). Exogenous H₂S can play protectice role during the early stage of ALI by increasing ERS, which is contrary to the former statement [87]. The reason needs to be studied (Table 3).

5. H₂S influences endoplasmic reticulum stress in vascular disease

Vascular calcification (VC) refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium and phosphorus minerals on the wall of blood vessels; ERS-induced apoptosis plays a vital role in the development of VC [88], so inhibiting apoptosis is an effective treatment for VC. Yang et al. reported that H₂S could inhibit VC and ERS of calcified aortic tissues. Furthermore, the ERS inducer Tm could block the ameliorated effect of H₂S on VC, while the effect of the ER stress inhibitor PBA on VC in rats treated with vitamin D3 plus nicotine was similar as that of H₂S.These indicated that H₂S ameliorated VC by suppressing ERS. Moreover, the protein levels of phosphorylated AKT and Akt were both upregulated by H₂S, suggesting that activation of the Akt signaling pathway is involved with the above effect of H₂S [89]. With the development of research, it will provide a new strategy and target for the prevention and treatment of VC. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) caused by inflammation is very important in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Angiotensin II (AngII) is involved in the progression of ED, leading to atherosclerosis [90]. There is evidence that ERS and ED are the key factors leading to AngII-induced cytotoxicity [91, 92]. The results of Hu et al. revealed that AngII markedly induced cytotoxicity by promoting ERS and ED in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are reversed by H₂S supplementation via inhibiting NF-кB signaling pathway [93] (Table 3). Similar results were obtained in other studies [94, 95]. Whether ERS can directly induce ED and the molecular mechanism of interaction between ER stress and ED need to be studied. With the deepening of the research, it will certainly provide a new prevention and treatment of AS.

 Figure 3 

Summary of the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. ERS: endoplasmic reticulum stress; CHOP:C/EBP-homologous protein.

6. Conclusion

ERS has been reported to be involved in many diseases and it is a “double-edged sword”: Acute ERS can reduce protein synthesis in ER, increase degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins and induce the production of protective proteins to alleviate stress-induced injury, while chronic ERS can induce caspase-12 dependent apoptotic pathway and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) dependent apoptotic pathway to lead some diseases (Figure 3). So it is very important to study how to maintain ERS at an appropriate level. Although the mechanism of how prolonged ERS leads to disease is not fully understood, it is now clear that abnormal ERS can cause disease by inducing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS).The suppression of excessive ERS will provide a way to prevent and treat many diseases. H₂S has been shown to play a protective role in many diseases by inhibiting ERS, but individual research has reported that H₂S inhibits diseases by promoting ERS; perhaps the reason is that the basic level of ERS varies in different tissues or different diseases have different effects on ERS. The mechanism of H₂S regulating ERS in diseases needs further study. In conclusion, ERS may be a potential target for H₂S therapy with the in-depth study of the effect of H₂S on ERS.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 81600974), the key scientific research project of colleges and universities in Henan province, China (Grant number 16A310001) and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Henan University Students in 2019 (Grant number 2019101907).

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

References

1. Sano R, Reed JC. ER stress-induced cell death mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1833:3460-70

2. Han J, Kaufman RJ. The role of ER stress in lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity. J Lipid Res. 2016;57:1329-38

3. Calvert JW, Coetzee WA, Lefer DJ. Novel insights into hydrogen sulfide-mediated cytoprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010;12:1203-17

4. Kimura Y, Goto Y, Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide increases glutathione production and suppresses oxidative stress in mitochondria. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010;12:1-13

5. King AL, Lefer DJ. Cytoprotective actions of hydrogen sulfide in ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Physiol. 2011;96:840-6

6. Yang F, Luo J. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Ethanol Neurotoxicity. Biomolecules. 2015;5:2538-53

7. Krebs J, Groenendyk J, Michalak M. Ca2+-signaling, alternative splicing and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. Neurochem Res. 2011;36:1198-211

8. Wang M, Kaufman RJ. The impact of the endoplasmic reticulum protein-folding environment on cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:581-97

9. Lan B, He Y, Sun H, Zheng X, Gao Y, Li N. The roles of mitochondria-associated membranes in mitochondrial quality control under endoplasmic reticulum stress. Life Sci. 2019;231:116587

10. Ji T, Han Y, Yang W, Xu B, Sun M, Jiang S. et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome: Crosstalk in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. J Cell Physiol. 2019

11. Ariyasu D, Yoshida H, Hasegawa Y. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Endocrine Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2017:18

12. Fernandez A, Ordonez R, Reiter RJ, Gonzalez-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Melatonin and endoplasmic reticulum stress: relation to autophagy and apoptosis. J Pineal Res. 2015;59:292-307

13. Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Nguyen L, Bailes JE, Lee JM. et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress implicated in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neurosurg. 2016;124:687-702

14. Kropski JA, Blackwell TS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:64-73

15. Li L, Rose P, Moore PK. Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;51:169-87

16. Olson KR. A practical look at the chemistry and biology of hydrogen sulfide. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012;17:32-44

17. Kolluru GK, Shen X, Bir SC, Kevil CG. Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: pathophysiological roles and detection. Nitric Oxide. 2013;35:5-20

18. Wang R. Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiol Rev. 2012;92:791-896

19. Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H2S Levels: H2S Donors and H2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev. 2017;69:497-564

20. Rose P, Moore PK, Zhu YZ. H2S biosynthesis and catabolism: new insights from molecular studies. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74:1391-412

21. Wang J, Wu D, Wang H. Hydrogen sulfide plays an important protective role by influencing autophagy in diseases. Physiol Res. 2019;68:335-45

22. Dongo E, Beliczai-Marosi G, Dybvig AS, Kiss L. The mechanism of action and role of hydrogen sulfide in the control of vascular tone. Nitric Oxide. 2018;81:75-87

23. Yang G, Wu L, Jiang B, Yang W, Qi J, Cao K. et al. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase. Science. 2008;322:587-90

24. Sun Y, Huang Y, Zhang R, Chen Q, Chen J, Zong Y. et al. Hydrogen sulfide upregulates KATP channel expression in vascular smooth muscle cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Mol Med (Berl). 2015;93:439-55

25. Guo C, Liang F, Shah Masood W, Yan X. Hydrogen sulfide protected gastric epithelial cell from ischemia/reperfusion injury by Keap1 s-sulfhydration, MAPK dependent anti-apoptosis and NF-kappaB dependent anti-inflammation pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;725:70-8

26. Du J, Huang Y, Yan H, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Zhu M. et al. Hydrogen sulfide suppresses oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-stimulated monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 generation from macrophages via the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:9741-53

27. Zheng J, Zhao T, Yuan Y, Hu N, Tang X. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) attenuates uranium-induced acute nephrotoxicity through oxidative stress and inflammatory response via Nrf2-NF-kappaB pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2015;242:353-62

28. Panthi S, Chung HJ, Jung J, Jeong NY. Physiological Importance of Hydrogen Sulfide: Emerging Potent Neuroprotector and Neuromodulator. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:9049782

29. Joshi M, Kotha SR, Malireddy S, Selvaraju V, Satoskar AR, Palesty A. et al. Conundrum of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;386:233-49

30. Lakshmanan AP, Harima M, Suzuki K, Soetikno V, Nagata M, Nakamura T. et al. The hyperglycemia stimulated myocardial endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy in the transgenic non-obese type 2 diabetic rats: a differential role of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45:438-47

31. Xu J, Wang G, Wang Y, Liu Q, Xu W, Tan Y. et al. Diabetes- and angiotensin II-induced cardiac endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death: metallothionein protection. J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13:1499-512

32. Cicek FA, Toy A, Tuncay E, Can B, Turan B. Beta-blocker timolol alleviates hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2014;46:377-87

33. Cao Y, Hao Y, Li H, Liu Q, Gao F, Liu W. et al. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in apoptosis of differentiated mouse podocytes induced by high glucose. Int J Mol Med. 2014;33:809-16

34. Xu K, Wang X, Shi Q, Chen C, Tian C, Li XL. et al. Human prion protein mutants with deleted and inserted octarepeats undergo different pathways to trigger cell apoptosis. J Mol Neurosci. 2011;43:225-34

35. Li F, Luo J, Wu Z, Xiao T, Zeng O, Li L. et al. Hydrogen sulfide exhibits cardioprotective effects by decreasing endoplasmic reticulum stress in a diabetic cardiomyopathy rat model. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14:865-73

36. Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010;107:1058-70

37. Wolff SP, Dean RT. Glucose autoxidation and protein modification. The potential role of 'autoxidative glycosylation' in diabetes. Biochem J. 1987;245:243-50

38. Verfaillie T, Rubio N, Garg AD, Bultynck G, Rizzuto R, Decuypere JP. et al. PERK is required at the ER-mitochondrial contact sites to convey apoptosis after ROS-based ER stress. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19:1880-91

39. Hailey DW, Rambold AS, Satpute-Krishnan P, Mitra K, Sougrat R, Kim PK. et al. Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation. Cell. 2010;141:656-67

40. Szegezdi E, Logue SE, Gorman AM, Samali A. Mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. EMBO Rep. 2006;7:880-5

41. Yang F, Yu X, Li T, Wu J, Zhao Y, Liu J. et al. Exogenous H2S regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria cross-talk to inhibit apoptotic pathways in STZ-induced type I diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2017;312:E190-E203

42. Cong XQ, Piao MH, Li Y, Xie L, Liu Y. Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) Attenuates Apoptosis in High Glucose-Treated Cardiac Cells and Diabetic Rat Hearts by Regulating the Unfolded Protein Responses (UPRs). Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;173:390-8

43. Zhu M, Guo M, Fei L, Pan XQ, Liu QQ. 4-phenylbutyric acid attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Endocrine. 2014;47:129-37

44. Yan X, Chen J, Zhang C, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Chen J. et al. FGF21 deletion exacerbates diabetic cardiomyopathy by aggravating cardiac lipid accumulation. J Cell Mol Med. 2015;19:1557-68

45. Guo R, Wu Z, Jiang J, Liu C, Wu B, Li X. et al. New mechanism of lipotoxicity in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Deficiency of Endogenous H2S Production and ER stress. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017;162:46-52

46. Barr LA, Shimizu Y, Lambert JP, Nicholson CK, Calvert JW. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates high fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction via the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nitric Oxide. 2015;46:145-56

47. Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1121-35

48. Wang XB, Huang XM, Ochs T, Li XY, Jin HF, Tang CS. et al. Effect of sulfur dioxide preconditioning on rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Basic Res Cardiol. 2011;106:865-78

49. Li C, Hu M, Wang Y, Lu H, Deng J, Yan X. Hydrogen sulfide preconditioning protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through inhibition of endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:7740-51

50. Ding W, Zhang X, Huang H, Ding N, Zhang S, Hutchinson SZ. et al. Adiponectin protects rat myocardium against chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced injury via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One. 2014;9:e94545

51. Bourdier G, Flore P, Sanchez H, Pepin JL, Belaidi E, Arnaud C. High-intensity training reduces intermittent hypoxia-induced ER stress and myocardial infarct size. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310:H279-89

52. Belaidi E, Thomas A, Bourdier G, Moulin S, Lemarie E, Levy P. et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a novel inducer of hypoxia inducible factor-1 activity: its role in the susceptibility to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. Int J Cardiol. 2016;210:45-53

53. Zhou X, Tang S, Hu K, Zhang Z, Liu P, Luo Y. et al. DL-Propargylglycine protects against myocardial injury induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sleep Breath. 2018;22:853-63

54. Sun X, Wang W, Dai J, Jin S, Huang J, Guo C. et al. A Long-Term and Slow-Releasing Hydrogen Sulfide Donor Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Sci Rep. 2017;7:3541

55. Li L, Li M, Li Y, Sun W, Wang Y, Bai S. et al. Exogenous H2S contributes to recovery of ischemic post-conditioning-induced cardioprotection by decrease of ROS level via down-regulation of NF-kappaB and JAK2-STAT3 pathways in the aging cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci. 2016;6:26

56. Li H, Zhang C, Sun W, Li L, Wu B, Bai S. et al. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide restores cardioprotection of ischemic post-conditioning via inhibition of mPTP opening in the aging cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci. 2015;5:43

57. Sun W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Xi Y, Wen X, Yuan D. et al. Exogenous H2S restores ischemic post-conditioning-induced cardioprotection through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in the aged cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci. 2017;7:67

58. Prudova A, Bauman Z, Braun A, Vitvitsky V, Lu SC, Banerjee R. S-adenosylmethionine stabilizes cystathionine beta-synthase and modulates redox capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:6489-94

59. Ho YS, Yu MS, Yang XF, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC. Neuroprotective effects of polysaccharides from wolfberry, the fruits of Lycium barbarum, against homocysteine-induced toxicity in rat cortical neurons. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19:813-27

60. Li MH, Tang JP, Zhang P, Li X, Wang CY, Wei HJ. et al. Disturbance of endogenous hydrogen sulfide generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hippocampus are involved in homocysteine-induced defect in learning and memory of rats. Behav Brain Res. 2014;262:35-41

61. Jiang JM, Wang L, Gu HF, Wu K, Xiao F, Chen Y. et al. Arecoline Induces Neurotoxicity to PC12 Cells: Involvement in ER Stress and Disturbance of Endogenous H2S Generation. Neurochem Res. 2016;41:2140-8

62. Wei HJ, Xu JH, Li MH, Tang JP, Zou W, Zhang P. et al. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampus via upregulation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2014;35:707-15

63. Wang CY, Zou W, Liang XY, Jiang ZS, Li X, Wei HJ. et al. Hydrogen sulfide prevents homocysteineinduced endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells by upregulating SIRT1. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16:3587-93

64. Tang YY, Wang AP, Wei HJ, Li MH, Zou W, Li X. et al. Role of silent information regulator 1 in the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on homocysteine-induced cognitive dysfunction: Involving reduction of hippocampal ER stress. Behav Brain Res. 2018;342:35-42

65. Gaspar JM, Baptista FI, Galvao J, Castilho AF, Cunha RA, Ambrosio AF. Diabetes differentially affects the content of exocytotic proteins in hippocampal and retinal nerve terminals. Neuroscience. 2010;169:1589-600

66. Zhao CH, Liu HQ, Cao R, Ji AL, Zhang L, Wang F. et al. Effects of dietary fish oil on learning function and apoptosis of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Brain Res. 2012;1457:33-43

67. Zhang X, Xu L, He D, Ling S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated hippocampal neuron apoptosis involved in diabetic cognitive impairment. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:924327

68. Zou W, Yuan J, Tang ZJ, Wei HJ, Zhu WW, Zhang P. et al. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: involving suppression in hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget. 2017;8:64203-16

69. Yusuf M, Kwong Huat BT, Hsu A, Whiteman M, Bhatia M, Moore PK. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat is associated with enhanced tissue hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;333:1146-52

70. Tanti A, Belzung C. Open questions in current models of antidepressant action. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;159:1187-200

71. Ferrari AJ, Norman RE, Freedman G, Baxter AJ, Pirkis JE, Harris MG. et al. The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91936

72. Hill MN, Hellemans KG, Verma P, Gorzalka BB, Weinberg J. Neurobiology of chronic mild stress: parallels to major depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36:2085-117

73. Tan H, Zou W, Jiang J, Tian Y, Xiao Z, Bi L. et al. Disturbance of hippocampal H2S generation contributes to CUMS-induced depression-like behavior: involvement in endoplasmic reticulum stress of hippocampus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2015;47:285-91

74. Liu SY, Li D, Zeng HY, Kan LY, Zou W, Zhang P. et al. Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior by Upregulation of Sirt-1: Involvement in Suppression of Hippocampal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;20:867-76

75. Li X, Zhang KY, Zhang P, Chen LX, Wang L, Xie M. et al. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits formaldehyde-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells by upregulation of SIRT-1. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89856

76. Ivanova T, Beyer C. Pre- and postnatal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA/protein and tyrosine protein kinase receptor B mRNA in the mouse hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 2001;307:21-4

77. Hu M, Zou W, Wang CY, Chen X, Tan HY, Zeng HY. et al. Hydrogen Sulfide Protects against Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress in Hippocampus by Upregulation of BDNF-TrkB Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:2153745

78. Wei L, Kan LY, Zeng HY, Tang YY, Huang HL, Xie M. et al. BDNF/TrkB Pathway Mediates the Antidepressant-Like Role of H2S in CUMS-Exposed Rats by Inhibition of Hippocampal ER Stress. Neuromolecular Med. 2018;20:252-61

79. Vijayan VK. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137:251-69

80. Wang YJ, Jiang YL, Tang HF, Zhao CZ, Chen JQ. Zl-n-91, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, suppresses inflammatory response in a COPD-like rat model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010;10:252-8

81. Wei J, Rahman S, Ayaub EA, Dickhout JG, Ask K. Protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress in chronic lung disease. Chest. 2013;143:1098-105

82. Zhang Y, Gao J, Luo Y. The effect of various durations of cigarette smoke exposure on muscle fibre remodeling in rat diaphragms. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;117:109053

83. Somborac-Bacura A, van der Toorn M, Franciosi L, Slebos DJ, Zanic-Grubisic T, Bischoff R. et al. Cigarette smoke induces endoplasmic reticulum stress response and proteasomal dysfunction in human alveolar epithelial cells. Exp Physiol. 2013;98:316-25

84. Lin F, Liao C, Sun Y, Zhang J, Lu W, Bai Y. et al. Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:675

85. Bei Y, Duong-Quy S, Hua-Huy T, Dao P, Le-Dong NN, Dinh-Xuan AT. Activation of RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway accounts for pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rep. 2013;1:e00105

86. Ding HB, Liu KX, Huang JF, Wu DW, Chen JY, Chen QS. Protective effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on pulmonary artery endothelial cells by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;105:734-41

87. Liu ZW, Wang HY, Guan L, Zhao B. Regulatory effects of hydrogen sulfide on alveolar epithelial cell endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats with acute lung injury. World J Emerg Med. 2015;6:67-73

88. Shi Y, Wang S, Peng H, Lv Y, Li W, Cheng S. et al. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Attenuates Vascular Calcification by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Rats. Int J Biol Sci. 2019;15:138-47

89. Yang R, Teng X, Li H, Xue HM, Guo Q, Xiao L. et al. Hydrogen Sulfide Improves Vascular Calcification in Rats by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:9095242

90. Marampon F, Gravina GL, Scarsella L, Festuccia C, Lovat F, Ciccarelli C. et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition counteracts angiotensin II-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction by modulating the p38/SirT1 axis. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1972-83

91. Uhal BD, Nguyen H, Dang M, Gopallawa I, Jiang J, Dang V. et al. Abrogation of ER stress-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells by angiotensin 1-7. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013;305:L33-41

92. Murdoch CE, Chaubey S, Zeng L, Yu B, Ivetic A, Walker SJ. et al. Endothelial NADPH oxidase-2 promotes interstitial cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction through proinflammatory effects and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2734-41

93. Hu HJ, Jiang ZS, Zhou SH, Liu QM. Hydrogen sulfide suppresses angiotensin II-stimulated endothelin-1 generation and subsequent cytotoxicity-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells via NF-kappaB. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14:4729-40

94. Kassan M, Galan M, Partyka M, Saifudeen Z, Henrion D, Trebak M. et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in cardiac damage and vascular endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:1652-61

95. Hu HJ, Jiang ZS, Qiu J, Zhou SH, Liu QM. Protective effects of hydrogen sulfide against angiotensin II-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in HUVECs. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15:2213-22

Author contact

Corresponding author: Honggang Wang, E-mail: whg197167henu.edu.cn, Tel: 13663781967.

Received 2019-7-4
Accepted 2019-9-10
Published 2020-1-1

Citation styles

©2024 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use