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Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19(8):2428-2442. doi:10.7150/ijbs.82776 This issue Cite

Review

Current Status in Rechallenge of Immunotherapy

Han Hu1, Ke Wang1, Rong Jia1, Zi-Xun Zeng1, Min Zhu1, Yuan-Le Deng2, Zhu-Juan Xiong2, Jian-Ning Tang1, Hua Xie1, Yi Wang1, Peng Zhang3, Jin Zhou1✉

1. Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
2. Division of Nutritional Medicine, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
3. Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.

✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Jin Zhou, Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Techno More

Citation:
Hu H, Wang K, Jia R, Zeng ZX, Zhu M, Deng YL, Xiong ZJ, Tang JN, Xie H, Wang Y, Zhang P, Zhou J. Current Status in Rechallenge of Immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19(8):2428-2442. doi:10.7150/ijbs.82776. https://www.ijbs.com/v19p2428.htm
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Abstract

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The treatment of malignant tumors has entered the era of immunotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have brought significant benefits to patients. However, some patients are required to discontinue treatment with ICIs owing to factors such as disease progression and intolerable side effects. Faced with limited subsequent treatment options and complex medical needs, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and the NIH clinical trials database and found that ICI rechallenge could be a relevant clinical strategy. The factors that could affect the rechallenge efficacy include the patients' characteristics, therapeutic strategy selection, and the timing of treatment. Multiple factors are used to identify target population, of which clinical features and PD-L1 expression are more potential. Both single ICI rechallenge and combination therapy may have survival benefits. Patients who have tolerated initial immunotherapy well could undergo ICI rechallenge, while patients who have experienced grade 3 or higher immune-related adverse events should be carefully assessed prior to rechallenge. Interventions and the interval between two courses of ICI will clearly have an impact on the efficacy of subsequent treatment. Preliminary data evaluation supports further investigation on ICI rechallenge to identify the factors that could contribute to its efficacy.

Keywords: cancers, immune checkpoint inhibitors, rechallenge, target population, strategy, safety

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APA
Hu, H., Wang, K., Jia, R., Zeng, Z.X., Zhu, M., Deng, Y.L., Xiong, Z.J., Tang, J.N., Xie, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Zhou, J. (2023). Current Status in Rechallenge of Immunotherapy. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(8), 2428-2442. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.82776.

ACS
Hu, H.; Wang, K.; Jia, R.; Zeng, Z.X.; Zhu, M.; Deng, Y.L.; Xiong, Z.J.; Tang, J.N.; Xie, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, P.; Zhou, J. Current Status in Rechallenge of Immunotherapy. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2023, 19 (8), 2428-2442. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.82776.

NLM
Hu H, Wang K, Jia R, Zeng ZX, Zhu M, Deng YL, Xiong ZJ, Tang JN, Xie H, Wang Y, Zhang P, Zhou J. Current Status in Rechallenge of Immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19(8):2428-2442. doi:10.7150/ijbs.82776. https://www.ijbs.com/v19p2428.htm

CSE
Hu H, Wang K, Jia R, Zeng ZX, Zhu M, Deng YL, Xiong ZJ, Tang JN, Xie H, Wang Y, Zhang P, Zhou J. 2023. Current Status in Rechallenge of Immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci. 19(8):2428-2442.

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